Introduction.
The state defense system in China pursues a purely defensive national defense policy. China places the protection of national sovereignty, security, territorial integrity, the interests of national development, and the interests of the Chinese people above all. China strives to build a stronger national defense and military power in accordance with national security and development, as well as to strengthen the military while improving aspects of people's welfare. In the national resource management system for defense interests in China, defense policy is directed to deal with developments in the regional and global strategic environment.Basically, the management of China's defense resources includes upholding national security and unity and guaranteeing comprehensive, coordinated, and sustainable national development interests. With the strength of its resources, China can formulate a defense nuclear strategy and foster a conducive security environment in the framework of defense development.
China, adhering to the principles of defense-coordinated economic and national development, In terms of empowering China's defense resource potential as described through the Global Fire Power (GFP) or Power Index for 2022, China is ranked 3 out of 142 countries with a PwrIndx score of 0, 511. China continues to be consistent in empowering defense resources, as evidenced by increasing defense spending by 7.1% to IDR 3,308 trillion in 2022. Based on the description above, it is interesting to discuss further the potential empowerment of national resources in China's state defense system.
Based on this background, the authors identify three problems, namely: how is the national defense system in China?; how is the national resource management system for defense interests in China? And third, what is the pattern of maintaining national resources for defense interests within China? Thus, it can be taken as a formulation of the problem "How to Empower the Potential of National Resources in China's State Defense System?"
Discussion.
Empowerment of potential national resources in China's state defense system is supported by a defense budget that is the second largest in the world after the US and is supported by 3 million personnel and an arsenal of sophisticated weapons, including two aircraft carriers, stealth fighter aircraft, and sophisticated missile forces and ships, including a nuclear-powered submarine. In managing these defense resources, a national defense system as well as a national resource management system for defense purposes are needed. For this reason, this discussion will discuss the pattern of maintaining national resources for the interests of China's internal defense.
State Defense System in China. National defense, also known as "national security," refers to all efforts to defend a country's sovereignty, territorial integrity, and the safety of the entire nation from threats and disturbances to the nation's and state's integrity. China's defense system is directed at increasing military capability, which is a framework for supporting China's national defense policy contained in the 2008 China Defense White Paper (China's National Defense). Within this national defense framework, China places state sovereignty, security, territorial integrity, and development interests. national interests and the interests of the Chinese people above all. Therefore, China is trying to build a national defense system, strong military strength, and national development so that it can prosper the people in all aspects.
The most important strength of China's state defense system is the policy of modernizing the defense system, which is consistently implemented. The next force is the largest population in the world. China ranks first as a country with the world's largest number of active military personnel, reaching 2.03 million troops. In addition, China is strengthened by a reserve component, which currently has a population of nearly 1.5 billion with a reserve component of around 800,000 personnel. With the potential of these defense human resources, China's state-run defense system is supported by a strong budget allocation. China's Ministry of Defense budget is the second largest in the world, with only 4.8% of the US military budget.
According to Timothy Heath of the RAND Corporation, the weakness of China's state defense system is that Chinese troops currently lack combat experience. China's military high-tech arsenal today is increasingly impressive, but the ability to use these weapons and equipment is still unclear. The last time the Chinese military, known as the People's Liberation Army (PLA), was involved in a major battle was in 1979. when Vietnam's experienced military crushed a reckless Chinese invasion. Joint operations capability in terms of effective coordination between various Chinese military force units in the event of armed action is a major challenge for Chinese troops.
Opportunities for China's state defense system that arise as a result of China's strong defense system include the fact that countries in the South China Sea Region cannot balance China's military hegemony. As a result, China's defense tends to be stable in the face of changes in the strategic environment. In addition, there are opportunities in the form of good bilateral relations with Russia. China's foreign policy stance shows that the country is willing to work with Russia to take China-Russia relations to a higher level.
The threat to China's state defense system is that there is a threat of local wars related to territorial disputes with neighboring countries. Since the last few years, tensions over China's territorial disputes with neighboring countries, such as Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, and Vietnam, have continued to escalate. In addition, China also claims ownership of the entire South China Sea, which contains the Spratly Islands. The next related threat is that the United States is a real threat to China's defense. In addition, America's allied countries, such as Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, and Vietnam, are especially wary of China's statement of readiness to face local wars. These countries have had potential conflicts with China in recent years, including regarding territorial disputes, ownership claims over the entire South China Sea, and the dispute over the Senkaku islands.
National Resource Management System for Defense Interests in China. According to Barry, the state generally has far greater military resources than other actors. The government is defined as the possessor of military power, and the government has its own interests in maintaining state power. In its actions, the military security agenda focuses on the government's ability to defend itself against internal and external military threats. Likewise, what China has done by managing national resources for the benefit of national defense China's national resources include natural resources with a large area and human resources as the main military force along with reserve components and supporting components, considering that China's population is the largest in the world. artificial resources, such as reclamation islands or fusion reactors, also known as "artificial suns."
The strength of the national resource management system for defense interests in China lies in the will of the Chinese government. The overall planning for the development and development of national defense adheres to economic and national development principles that are linked to defense interests.China has an overall plan for the use of national resources that includes striking a balance between enriching the country and strengthening the military. China also ensures that its strategy for national defense and building armed forces is in line with its strategy for national development. Efforts to establish a defense-coordinated national and economic development mechanism have the consequence that China must provide sustainable resources and a driving force for the modernization of its national defense and armed forces.
The weakness of the national resource management system for defense purposes in China is that the process of establishing a national resource management system takes a long time. From the late 1970s to the early 2000s, China built a simplified military culture with Chinese characteristics. However, from the aspect of human resources, especially the supporting components, China has weaknesses in the form of poverty and hunger. Poverty and hunger in China mostly occur in rural areas. There are 26 million people living in extreme poverty. This condition shows that there is an imbalance between the Chinese population in urban and rural areas. Unequal development will result in an unstable defense, especially in China's rural and outermost regions.
The opportunity for a national resource management system for defense interests in China is demonstrated by accelerating reform and innovation in defense-related science, technology, and industry. China promotes strategy and specialization-oriented defense industry enterprise restructuring, enhances independent innovation capabilities in weapons and equipment research, and strives to build new systems of defense science, technology, and industry that serve military and civilian needs and channel military potential to the use of civilian force. In addition, China's political system, which adheres to communist ideology, presents an opportunity in the management of national resources. Policies from the president will come down and be implemented under strict supervision so that they have a good impact on the management of national resources. For example, state-owned companies are becoming a major force in China. The state also sets monetary and tax policies. State-owned enterprises in the banking sector control 35% of China's economy.
The threat to the national resource management system for defense interests in China is from natural resources. China's industrial development, including the defense industry, is highly dependent on imports of fuel and energy, even until 2033. To overcome its dependence on energy resources, China launched the largest nuclear program in history. It is planned to establish 40 new programs with 1,000 megawatts of power. Currently, China has just built 11 nuclear reactors and can only meet 1 percent of total energy needs. However, if this new alternative energy can be well developed, it is not impossible that in 2033 China will be able to meet its energy needs.
Maintenance of human resources is carried out under the authority of the Chinese government, which has the largest potential quantity of human resources in the world with a total active force of more than four million people. Overall military modernization also includes institutional development, human resources, and military culture, all supported by China's economic strength. China is currently more actively promoting international military exchanges and cooperation. The new National Defense Law also embodies the concept that every Chinese citizen must engage in and upgrade skills in national defense. All national organizations, political parties, civic groups, corporations, social organizations, and other organizations must support and take part in the development of national defense. China's Arms Military Build-Up is underway, encompassing all aspects of the military, beginning with changes in defense doctrine, improving personnel quality in all dimensions, and increasing the quantity and quality of weapons.
Regarding the maintenance of artificial resources, one of the most prominent Chinese-made resources is the management of dams for various uses. With a population of more than 1.45 billion today, the Chinese government has long paid great attention to the issue of water security and food sovereignty by building infrastructure for flood control, providing raw water for irrigation, providing clean and urban water, and generating powerereignty by building infrastructure for flood control, providing raw water for irrigation, providing clean and urban water, and generating power. Currently, China has 100,000 dams of various sizes, most of which are between 10 and 100 million cubic meters.
Closing.
Based on the description in the discussion section, it can be concluded that the state defense system in China places state sovereignty, security, territorial integrity, national development interests, and the interests of the Chinese people above all else. The most important strength of China's state defense system is the policy of modernizing the defense system, which is consistently implemented. The management system of national resources for the interests of defense in China rests on the will of the Chinese government, whereby the overall planning for national development and development of national defense adheres to the principle of economic and national development, which is correlated with defense interests. The Arms Military Build-Up policy expands on the pattern of maintaining national resources for the sake of China's internal defense.
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