Introduction
If we talk about war, of course, you have to know what exactly the definition of war is. According to Wikipedia, "war" is a physical and non-physical action (in a narrow sense, a condition of hostility by using violence) between two or more groups of people to dominate the disputed territory. In addition, war can also be interpreted as a dispute between two or more parties who have different opinions, thoughts, goals, and interests that cannot be resolved, resulting in physical and non-physical conflicts that can cause victims, both in terms of property and life.
War is an issue that cannot be separated in defense and security studies. When talking about defense, which is related to threats from within, war is often the last option in resolving conflicts, such as civil wars or civil-military wars.
DISCUSSION
Civil wars happen for many reasons, but mostly because of political problems when the masses disagree with the government. Throughout history, civil wars have been used to change or overthrow governments.
In the mid-20th century, civil war became the preferred method of overthrowing governments in Latin America. Several wars have been fought for independence, as in the cases of the United States of America, the Republic of Ireland, and Sri Lanka. Members of the historical recreation association Frente del Nalon participate in a recreation of the battle "La Loma del Pando" that took place during the Spanish Civil War, in Grullos, Spain, September 23, 2017.
The civil war of the early 20th century was brief and lasted several months. After the Second World War, the length of civil wars increased to an average of four years. During and after the Cold War, civil wars could span decades, as in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Lebanon.
The nature of a civil war depends on several factors, such as the course and desired outcome, funding, and the experience of the participants. The differences between opposing forces led to the adoption of guerrilla warfare tactics to reduce casualties and maximize the impact of attacks. Guerrilla warfare was used in civil wars in the Middle East and Far East, Africa, and the American Civil War.
Differences of opinion, views, and interests should not be resolved through conflict, let alone through war. Losses are not only material, but the worst impact is the loss of life, which can cause the destruction of humanity and its civilization. This is usually done when there are two opposing groups or different interests.
The most terrible war has resulted in many casualties and claimed many lives. It occurred because there was a disagreement between certain factions. War also occurs when a group wants to seize power while another feels compelled to maintain it.
Besides the World War which involved many countries, there was also a civil war. It looks and sounds more "smooth" with the word "brothers", but these civil wars are no less deadly than the World Wars. That ever happened. In general, civil wars arise because of a struggle for power or control over a country.
Below are the 5 most brutal civil wars in history:
1. The Chinese Civil War In 1927–1950, China was hit by a deadly civil war. The Chinese Civil War made Chinese nationalists and revolutionary communist movements fight each other to win. In the end, the nationalists under Chiang Kai-shek evacuated to Taiwan Island to continue as the Republic of China, while the communists under Mao Tsetung established the People's Republic of China. As a result of this civil war, more than eight million people died. Most of the civilians were killed by disease, starvation, and reprisals by one side in areas deemed friendly to the other.
The early phase of the civil war was largely an uprising by Chinese communist forces against the Chinese nationalist government. Initially the communists did only escape total annihilation after the "Long March" to shelters in Shaanxi province.
But after World War II, when Soviet forces in Manchuria and Korea surrendered captured Japanese weapons. Surplus Soviet weapons were handed over to Mao's troops, the situation turned around and the Chinese nationalists were eventually forced out of mainland China.
2. The Korean War .The Korean War is commonly known in the United States as a military intervention on behalf of the South Korean government. But it can widely be considered a civil war that is still not technically over. At the end of World War II, Korea had been partitioned into two separate countries. South Korea was supported by the United States and the United Nations, and North Korea was supported by China and the Soviet Union.
The North Korean People's Army under dictator Kim Il-Sung crossed international borders on June 25, 1950, with the intention of unifying the country. The war sparked intervention by American, Chinese, and Soviet troops. The war was particularly deadly, with several million killed on the Korean Peninsula.
Military losses in the war are estimated at 70,000 by the Republic of Korea, 46,000 by the United States, and one million North Korean and Chinese troops killed, including 600,000 in action and another 400,000 from disease.
3. Korean War Nearly one million South Koreans died during the war, or just under five percent of the population. North Korea, which was subjected to intense aerial bombardment by allied forces, suffered an estimated 1.5 million deaths, or 10–15 percent of the overall population. This percentage of losses exceeds the losses suffered by the Soviet Union in World War II.
4. Vietnam Civil War (Vietnam War, 2nd Indochina War) Vietnam's 1954 partition into two countries made reunification efforts inevitable, especially when one side was run by successful guerrilla force leaders.
The combination of a North Vietnamese leader in Ho Chi Minh, the man who had forced the French out of the country, and the restless population of South Vietnam led by a corrupt government made conditions ripe for civil war. Until 1968, the war was waged by South Vietnam, the United States, and other allies against Viet Cong guerrillas and regular North Vietnamese troops.
A series of offensive operations during the Vietnam War called the Tet Offensive in January 1968 exhausted the Viet Cong as a military force, and North Vietnam continued to fight until victory in 1975. The death toll reached 1.5 million on all sides, including 300,000 South Vietnamese and up to 1.1 million North Vietnamese personnel.
Additionally, 58,307 Americans, 5,099 South Vietnamese, and 1,000 Chinese military personnel were killed. However, if the victims in Cambodia and Laos (countries also affected) are counted, the death toll reaches 2.5 million civilians.
5. Congo Civil War The Congo Civil War has been called "the widest interstate war in African history." Ironically, the war actually started when Rwanda attempted to rule over anti-government forces operating from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (then known as Zaire). The battle expanded to eventually involve nine countries and 20 armed groups, fighting not only for territorial integrity but also for control of the country's estimated $24 trillion worth of natural resources. One of the deadliest wars of the last hundred years, the Congo Civil War, claimed the lives of 5.4 million people over five years. This means nearly 3,000 deaths a day. Like most civil and African wars, most of those killed in the Congo Civil War were civilians, killed by hunger, disease, and atrocities committed by armed groups, including children.
6. The Nigerian Civil War Apart from the four countries above, a terrible civil war has also occurred in Nigeria. The four-year Nigerian Civil War broke out on July 6, 1967, and lasted until 1970. The Igbo people, facing Nigeria's military government and second-class status in Nigerian society, broke away and formed the independent state of Biafra. Most of the international community supports Nigeria, and with their help, the military government could seize Port Harcourt, Biafra's outlet to the outside world, and take back the oil-producing areas that might have made Biafra a viable country. About 30,000 Biafrans were killed in the actual fighting. isolated and impoverished by a lack of oil revenue. while about 2 million others died from hunger and disease. On January 11, 1970, Biafra was forced to surrender and re-enter Nigeria.
CLOSING
From the descriptions and explanations as well as the data and facts, it can be concluded that the civil war that occurred defeated a sense of brotherhood based on ties of one tribe or lineage, one religion, one race, one region, kinship, and so on. This happens because of differences in interests, goals, and power struggles, including the struggle for assets and materials. In addition, the seizure of territory or an area is another cause of war.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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